The United States - 811 Words

History Within the last decade , the United States has become home to 3.5 million immigrants from the Caribbean. The Caribbean accounted for 9% of the country s 38.5 million immigrants. more than 90% of the immigrants come from Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The number of Caribbean immigrants grew from 193,922 in 1960 to 3,500,000 in 2009. This represents more than a 17 fold increase. They have been among the top ten foreign born groups in the United States each decade since 1970. Between the years of 1970 and 2009 , immigrants from the Dominican Republic significantly contributed to the rapid growth of the carribean born populatio. They accounted for 26.2 percent of the increase during the time†¦show more content†¦Florida had the largest number residing, with 40% of the total Caribbean born population in the US. This was followed by New York with 29.1%. 34.2% of the Caribbean born in the United States resided in the New York northern New Jers ey Long Island, New York New Jersey Pennsylvania metropolitan area. They share of Caribbean immigrants also residing in the metropolitan area of Miami Fort Lauderdale Pomono Beach Florida Other relatively large Caribbean immigrant population states include New Jersey, Massachusetts, Georgia, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and California. Traditional perceptions of health and illness Around the world different cultural groups have developed their own explanation and conceptualization of illness, health, mental health and well-being. For the Caribbean culture, there is a worldview that everything in the universe is of one source and will, and that the world is animated by numerous ancestral spiritual entities, gods, and entities them frequently intervene with the everyday lives of individuals. Traditions thought the caribbean share deep habits of the heart,mind and body. It is believed that body, mind, and spirit are all interconnected. Whatever affects one will impact another. Within the culture, it is also believed that illness or a disorder may derive from many sources which could be natural, social, spiritual, or psychological disturbances. They create disequilibrium which will be expressed in the form of a

Alcoholics Anonymous Is A Fellowship Of Men And Women

â€Å"Alcoholics Anonymous is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism.† AA is managed and run by recovering addicts. This provides an organic nature to the healing process for those struggling with alcoholism. Additionally, their structure promotes a level of openness and honesty which most have never seen. In my time with the Mountain View AA group I witnessed honesty, support, accountability, and celebration. These four elements combined create what I believe to be a powerful tool in the fight against addiction. I attended the Mountain View AA meeting at their 5:30 pm time slot. We were joined by around 25 other members who have struggled or are still struggling with their addiction to alcohol and other drugs. The beginning of the meeting was spent celebrating Linda, a member who has been sober for 33 years. After this, many members shared their own road to sobriety and offered encouragement for those who are just getting sober. What stood out to me right out of the was the honesty expressed by the members present. Two members, Mike Diane, shared the struggles they’ve been experiencing while just 30 days sober. Mike even shared how he had come to Mountain View a couple of times a day because he felt â€Å"comfortable† here. May (1988) expresses the loneliness and hopelessness people who struggle with addictions can experience. May (1988) talksShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Organization : Alcoholics Anonymous ( A.a )1691 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Organization Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio, and is a spiritual based organization with the sole purpose â€Å"to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety† threw fellowship. Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.) foundation is built on a 12 step program that involves taking 12 step that will guarantee your sobriety (according to A.A.) because you start the 12 steps but you never end, it is designed for you to consistently workRead MoreAlcoholism As A Family Disease1368 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease all members are affected, thus, those who are concerned the most about the alcoholic are affected the most (Al-Anon Family Group, 2008). For this reason, Al-Anon offers peer support in an environment of hope, strength and offers experience in managing an alcoholic loved one (Al-Anon Family Group, 2008). This paper presents a brief history of the Al-Anon self-help recovery program for anyone affected by an alcoholic or alcohol abus er, how the meetings are organized, and the experiential observationRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous ( A.a )1623 Words   |  7 PagesFounded in 1935, Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) is a 12-step spiritual program for those who have a desire to stop drinking. It is open to all those who seek help all over the world. Thousands of alcoholics have become victorious because of the spiritual foundation it was built on. In 1939 the first book, Alcoholics Anonymous, was published. It held all of the struggles and hope filled stories of some of the first alcoholics that joined the group. This book, later called â€Å"The Big Book†, would lay downRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous : An International Mutual Aid Fellowship1574 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid fellowship founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio. AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety. With othe r early members Bill Wilson and Bob Smith developed AA s Twelve Step program of spiritual and character development. AA s initial Twelve Traditions were introduced in 1946 to help the fellowship be stable and unified while disengaged from outsideRead MoreFamilies Find Hope in Their Communities Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagesstockbroker, and Dr. Bob, An Akron Ohio Surgeon, a fellowship group evolved that eventually became known as Alcoholics Anonymous (Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., 2012). Through awareness communities began to embrace Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon which provides families with the support needed to achieve hopefulness instead of hopelessness. Alcoholics Anonymous celebrate the founding date as being June 10, 1935 (Branscum Sharma, 2010). The fellowship transpired when Bill W. and Dr. Bob, gainedRead MoreAlanon Family Groups976 Words   |  4 PagesBrenda Smith Dr. Donna Goodwin Speech Communication I 29 February 2012 Al-Anon Family Groups There are 12 million alcoholics in the United States. That means that 40 to 50 million friends and family members also suffer from alcoholism and its affects. The help for alcoholics is Alcoholics Anonymous and the help for the non-alcoholic is the Al-Anon recovery program. I am here tonight to tell you about the Al-Anon recovery process. It is a free, 100% guaranteed life changing program thatRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous Meeting, And A Nar Meeting1269 Words   |  6 PagesFor this assignment, I attended an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, Ala-Anon meeting, Narcotics Anonymous meeting, and a Nar-Anon meeting. The Alcoholics Anonymous meeting was in Greensboro titled â€Å"Back to Reality†. It was located at a fellowship club. The Ala-Anon meeting was located at Centertary United Methodist Church in Greensboro. 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They are not affiliated with any other organization, denomination, or institution and the only requirement for membership is the desire to stop drinking (Fisher Harrison, 2013). They meet at least once a week, if not more to support one another and to share their experiences, struggles, and successes. I attended an AA meeting held atRead MoreThe Importance Of A Counseling Student Studying Chemical Dependency957 Words   |  4 Pagesdependency, I was assigned to attend two 12-step meetings to better understand the 12-step process. I attended two Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings at the Episcopal Church in Starkville; MS. AA is a worldwide fellowship of alcoholic men and women who are banded together to solve their common problems and to help fellow sufferers in recovery from alcoholism. These particular Alcoholics Anonymous meeting opened with a serenity prayer, a reading of the AA preamble, a daily reflection, and various other readings

Marxism Different Stages of History Free Essays

string(135) " hands of a minority, and the possibility of subjugation of the majority by a minority and the conversion of the majority into slaves\." Dialectic Analysis The basic premise of dialectical analysis is the theory in which society is treated as a historically evolving and systemically interrelated whole, has had a profound impact on political science, economics and sociology. This dialectical method, which seeks to uncover the full context of historically specific social interactions in any given system, is used by Marx as a tool for understanding class relationships under capitalism, and as a means for altering such structures fundamentally.   Uniting theory and practice, Marx declared in his ‘Theses on Feuerbach’: The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it’[1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism: Different Stages of History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dialectical materialism is essentially characterized by the belief that history is the product of class struggle and obeys the general Hegelian principle of philosophy of history that is the development of the thesis into its antithesis.[2] Basic Premise of Materialistic Theory The materialist theory of history starts from the proposition that human beings are creatures of need, and hence that the material side of human life, physical needs and economic action to satisfy them is primary and basic. Historians and social philosophers until then had focused on the actions of states and rulers only and had not considered   the importance of economic developments. According to Marx, every society is composed of certain forces of production (tools, machinery and labour to operate them) with which are associated particular social relations of production (property relations, division of labour). These together constitute the material `base’ of society, upon which arises a `superstructure’ of political and legal institutions, and ideological forms to include art, religion and philosophy. He further added:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social beings which determines their consciousness†[3]. The development of productive forces The development of the human race from crude stone tools to the bow and arrow, and the subsequent improvement from the life of hunters to the domestication of animals and primitive pasturage; the transition from stone tools to metal tools resulting in a corresponding transition to tillage and agriculture; a further improvement in metal tools, the introduction of the blacksmith’s bellows, the introduction of pottery, with a corresponding development of handicrafts, the separation of handicrafts from agriculture, the development of an independent handicraft industry and, subsequently, of manufacture; the transition from handicraft tools to machines and the transformation of handicraft and manufacture into machine industry; the transition to the machine system and the rise of modern large-scale machine industry   are all the characteristic stages of development   of the productive forces of society in the course of man’s history. This development and improvement of the instruments of production had been effected by men who were related to production, and not independently of men; and, consequently, the change and development of the instruments of production was accompanied by a change and development of men, as the most important element of the productive forces, by a change and development of their production experience, their labor skill, their ability to handle the instruments of production. In conformity with the change and development of the productive forces of society in the course of history and   men’s relations of production, their economic relations also changed and developed. Phases of Materialistic History At any given historical period the relations of production provide the social framework for economic development. The developing forces of production give rise to increasing conflict with the existing relations of production and these conflicts are reflected as class struggles. `From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution’ in which social relations and `the entire immense superstructure’ is transformed.[4]Accordingly, Marx concluded that all nations go through five economic stages: primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. Primitive Phase The basic tenet of production in the primitive phase of human history is that the means of production are community owned which is consistent with the character of the productive forces of that period. Primitive tools and weapons like stone tools and the bow and arrow had limited efficacy and lethality, a major factor which precluded the possibility of men individually combating the forces of nature and beasts of prey. In order to fulfill the routine activities like gathering fruits from the forest, catch fish or game, or to build any form of inhabitation, men were obliged to work in communities or groups to obviate the possibility of death due to starvation, or fall victims of beast of prey or be killed by rival groups. Community form of labour and work led to a community based consumption of the produced yield. At this stage the concept of individual ownership of the means of production did not yet exist, except for the personal ownership of certain implements of production which were at the same time means of defense against beasts of prey. Hence, there was neither exploitation, nor any class structure in place. Slave Phase The primitive phase was followed by the Slave Stage which is based on the theory that under this system, the slave-owner owns the means of production and the workers in the production chain. Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. In this stage, the slave owner has all the rights over the slave- whom he can sell, purchase, or kill as though he were an animal. During the slave stage, the primitive stone tools and   Ã‚  primitive husbandry have been replaced by metal tools and pasturage tillage respectively . The primitive man who till now was in the possession of the most basic tools   now possessed the means to conduct farming , handicrafts and tillage, and a division of labor between these branches of production. There appears the possibility of the exchange of products between individuals and between societies, of the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, the actual accumulation of the means of production in the hands of a minority, and the possibility of subjugation of the majority by a minority and the conversion of the majority into slaves. You read "Marxism: Different Stages of History" in category "Essay examples" At this stage, the common and free labor of all members of society in the production process is replaced by the forced labor of slaves, who are exploited by the non-laboring slave-owners. The main aspects of this stage is the appearance of the slave owner(the prime and principal property owner), the increasing existence of the rich and poor, exploiters and exploited, people with full rights and people with no rights, and the beginning of a   fierce class struggle between them. Feudal Stage The basis of the relations of production under the feudal system is that the feudal lord owns the means of production and does not fully own the worker in production. This implies that the worker of the slave stage has progressed and he can no longer be owned, bought or sold by the slave owner. Alongside of feudal ownership there exists individual ownership by the peasant and the handicraftsman of his implements of production and his private enterprise based on his personal labor[5]. Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. Further improvements in the smelting and working of iron; the spread of the iron plow and the loom; the further development of agriculture, horticulture, viniculture and dairying; the appearance of manufactories alongside of the handicraft workshops; have all led to enhanced importance of the worker who is now a skilled artisan. The new productive forces demand that the laborer/worker/artisan shall display some kind of initiative and inclination in production and for work. The feudal lord therefore discards the slave, as a laborer who has no interest in work and is entirely without initiative, and prefers to deal with the serf (artisan), who has his own husbandry, implements of production, and a certain interest in work essential for the cultivation of the land and for the payment in kind of a part of his harvest to the feudal lord. In this stage, private ownership is further developed and the affects of exploitation is slightly mitigated. A class struggle between exploiters and exploited is the principal feature of the feudal system. Capitalist Stage The basis of the relations of production under the capitalist system is that the capitalist owns the means of production, but not the workers in production[6] – the wage laborers, whom the capitalist can neither kill nor sell because they are personally free, but who are deprived of means of production and in order not to die of hunger, are obliged to sell their labor power to the capitalist. Due to the rapid strides in the technological and the industrial aspects, there is an increased importance of the technologically intensive means of production like the factories, mills and the huge capitalist farms run on scientific lines and supplied with agricultural machinery. This rapid change in the means of production has an adverse impact on the workers. The private property of the peasants and handicraftsmen in the means of production being based on personal labor is rendered insignificant and they have to submit their labour to the owners of the means of production. The new productive forces require that the workers in production shall be better educated and more intelligent in comparison to the earlier workers, in the sense that they understand machinery and operate it properly. Therefore, the capitalists prefer to deal with wage-workers, who are free from the bonds of serfdom and who are educated enough to be able properly to operate machinery. Transition to Communism The division of society into classes gives rise to political, ethical, philosophical, and religious views of the world, views which express existing class relations and tend either to consolidate or to undermine the power and authority of the dominant class. Marx clarifies it further: â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are, in every age, the ruling ideas: i.e., the class which is the dominant material force in society is at the same time its dominant intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.†[7] However, oppressed classes, although hampered by the ideological dominance of oppressors, generate counter-ideologies to combat them. In revolutionary or pre-Revolutionary periods it even happens that certain representatives of the dominant class shift allegiance. New social relationships begin to develop within older social structures and result from contradictions and tensions within that structure at the same time as they exacerbate them. For example, new modes of production slowly emerged within late feudal society and allowed the bourgeoisie, which controlled these new modes of production, effectively to challenge the hold of the classes that had dominated the feudal order. As the bourgeois mode of production gained sufficient specific weight, it undermined the feudal relations in which it first made its appearance. â€Å"The economic structure of capitalist society has grown out of the economic structure of feudal society. The dissolution of the latter sets free the elements of the former.†[8] Similarly, the capitalist mode of production brings into being a proletarian class of factory workers. As these men acquire class consciousness, they discover their fundamental antagonism to the bourgeois class and band together to overthrow a regime to which they owe their existence. â€Å"The proletariat carries out the sentence which private property, by creating the proletariat, passes upon itself.†[9]  the process of industrialization concentrates working people in factories and cities, hence the working class develops from being an unorganized and unconscious mass through its struggle with the bourgeoisie to being an organized and conscious political force, a force which is ultimately destined to be the `gravedigger’ of capitalism and to inaugurate a new mode of production: socialism[10] Socialism The conquest of political power by the working class will lead to the creation of a socialist state in which the working class is the ruling class and which functions in the interests of the working class. In this way the `dictatorship of the proletariat’ will replace the `dictatorship of the bourgeoisie’. Its main purpose is to abolish the private ownership of the means of production, and hence the social and economic basis of class divisions. As the   material basis of class divisions is dissolved, class differences will gradually disappear, and with them the need for the state as an instrument of class rule and as a distinct coercive force. In the higher stage of full communism, the state is destined ultimately to `wither away'[11], as Engels puts it, and `the government of people will be replaced by the administration of things'[12] Conclusion During the present century, history itself seems to have provided a remarkable confirmation of the main outlines of Marx’s thought. At one stage in modern history, the prediction that capitalism is destined to be restricted to a particular and limited historical stage which will be superseded seemed to be justified by the succession of revolutions which removed a large part of the world from its grip. The collapse of the regimes of Soviet and Eastern European communism in 1989, however, has proved that Marxism is now dead and that its prediction of a historical stage beyond capitalism is an illusion. Nevertheless, it remains the most comprehensive and powerful theory for understanding and explaining the capitalist world. [1] Marx, Karl (1845) Theses on Feuerbach, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, New York: International Publishers, 1968, pp. 28–30. [2] Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, [1847a], London: Lawrence Wishart, 1955, chapter II [3] Marx, Karl A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy(1859),PP 389.                                                                            [4] Ibid 389-90 [5] G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978,pp65                        \[6] Ibid [7] Marx Karl, Selected Writings, ed. D. McLellan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977 [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10]Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto [1848], Selected Works, Volume 1, Moscow: : Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962 [11] V.I. Lenin, State and Revolution, in Selected Works in Three Volumes, Volume 2, Moscow: Progress Publishers, revised edn 1975,10-14                                                                                                                                                                                  [12] Capital, 3 Volumes [1867, 1885, 1894], London: Lawrence Wishart, 1961-71 How to cite Marxism: Different Stages of History, Essay examples

Management of Human Resources

Question: Discuss about the Management of Human Resources. Answer: Introduction Human Resource Management (HRM) deals with management of human resources towards extracting the best from the employees (DeNisi, Wilson and Biteman 2014). It is mostly associated with recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, employee motivation, compensation planning, maintaining employee relation and employee security (Sultana 2014). This study will agree with the statement that there is no such thing as 'best practice' in HRM. The study will prove this statement through defining various elements human resource practice in the context of different business needs. Moreover, the study will also be real life evidence for proving this statement. Discussion There is no single set of definitive practice and rules for working living and anything else in the life. Likewise, Human Resource Management (HRM) cannot be different. HRM plays an important role in achieving the success of an organization. It can extract the best out of the employees, if right strategy is implemented at the right place (Harley 2015). People are extremely tempted and willing to resolve any issues with the best practice model. However, best practice model in HRM always focuses on one-size-fit approach, which does permit adaptability. Furthermore, todays business environment is highly dynamic in nature. Therefore, the HRM strategy should always be adaptable with the changing nature of the business. Hence, it can be said that there is no such thing as 'best practice' in HRM. Contemporary HRM practices have been founded by the year 1970 with its new ideas and concepts. According to Brewster, Brookes and Gollan (2015), contemporary human resource practice is more flexible and adaptable with the changing needs of the business. On the other hand, Vanhala and Ritala (2016) opined that the idea of contemporary human resource management is to optimize the employees towards meeting the strategic objectives of organization. The increasing nature of agility of contemporary business has led the human resource managers to rely on contingency approach. Rather than sticking to a particular HRM strategy model, todays human resource managers are always inclined to explore innovative strategy for aligning the best efforts of the employees with the strategic organizational objectives (Edwards et al. 2013). They are trying to be freed from the restrictions and concentrating on that model, which suites them the best at particular point of time. The best HRM practice proved for one organization cannot be fruitful for the other. Hence, HRM strategies are always needed to be tailored with the particular needs of the business. While considering the recruitment or talent acquisition practice of organization, there cannot be any such best practice model. Moreover, the recruitment managers need to tailor their strategies through with the specific needs and demands of their organization. However, all the organizations like to select the best candidate for their businesses. According to Paill et al. (2014), different business organizations need to have employees having different set of skills, knowledge and expertise. In case of recruitment practice of Google, the organization always focuses on technical skill, knowledge and expertise of the employees. The platform of the business is wholly built upon technical aspects, where the prime need of the employees is technical skill. Hence, they always need to be concentrated on hiring the employees having high level of technical knowledge (Sheehan 2014). On the other, in case of recruitment practice of mass media and entertainment conglomerate Disney, the organization always focuses on artistic mind of the employees. The platform of Disney is fully built upon creative artistic knowledge of the employees. Therefore, the prime criteria of its recruitment strategy to assess the creativity power of the employees (Ma and Ye 2015). Therefore, there is no such best practice for HRM. Todays business environment is highly competitive in nature. Organizations can beat the market competition based on either of three strategies such as cost leadership, quality and focus. Human resource management practice has to do a lot for implementing these strategies. In case of cost leadership, organizations are likely to beat the market competition through reducing product price and reducing the organizational cost. In this extent, human resource managers need to reduce the cost of recruitment and other HR budget for minimizing the overall organizational cost (Marler and Fisher 2013). However, the strategy for reducing HR budget cannot be same for different organizations. As per Chang et al. (2014), the popular food and beverage company Coca-Cola Amatil is more inclined to hire their employees from international market like Indonesia for low labor cost of the country. In this way, they are quite successful reducing the organizational cost and achieve cost leadership. On the other hand, the retail giant Woolworth uses different strategy for reducing HR costs. Fulmer and Ployhart (2014) opined that Woolworth uses employee referrals for recruiting new employees in reduced cost. In this strategy, the organization gets employee references for hiring best candidate for the organization with reduced cost. In this way, the organization tries to achieve cost leadership towards achieving competitive advantage. Hence, again, there is no such best practice in human resource management. While considering the quality leadership in business, an organization always needs innovation and creativity at each step of its business process. According to Boxall (2013), human resource practice has huge role in flourishing the innovative ideas and creativity power of the employees towards achieving business innovation. On the other hand, Vaiman and Collings (2013) opined that effective of innovation is highly dependent on tailored HRM strategy to extract innovative ideas for meeting the changing needs of the markets. Moreover, employee innovation only comes, when they are highly motivated towards achieving the organizational success. It is highly dependent on the quality of leadership, which the employees face in their workplace. In case of motivational strategies, the organizational leaders are to identify the internal motivating factors of the employees. Motivating factors are quite different from one employee to other. Hence, the leadership and motivational tools also should be customized with the needs of the employees. While considering the example of MYOB, the organization mostly motivates the employees through providing them lucrative reward to the top performing employees. The employees of this organization are only motivated through monetary rewards towards enhancing their performance. Hence, after appraising the performance of the employees, the leaders provide lucrative reward to the top performers. It motivates the employees towards providing more effort and incorporating their creativity in the organizational success (Cerdin and Brewster 2014). On the other hand, the employees of Commonwealth Bank are highly motivated through recognition. Hence, the leaders of this organization have to mostly rely on praising the contribution of the employees in organizational success. They are more concentrated on succession planning for the employees towards their motivation and enhancing performance (Alfes et al. 2013). This comparison also proves that there cannot be any best practice for human resource management. In case of weak performers, who are identified in the performance assessment process, there is a need for enhancing their skills and abilities for meeting organizational objectives. According to Sultana (2014), training and development programs should always cover the basic as well as the set of good foundation for employee development. On the other hand, Vanhala and Ritala (2016) opined that covering only the basics can leave the employees short on their skills, as the content of the training program cannot connect back to the specific skills needed for their specific job roles and responsibilities. This situation has raised the needs for customizing the training and development programs as per the specific needs of the employees in different sectors. Moreover, there is not best practice of training and development program for developing the skills level of the employees. While considering the example of Sausage Software of Australia, the prime skill needed for the employees is technical skill. Therefore, the human resource managers of the organization mostly provide technical training to the employees towards producing best quality web editing tools. This type of training develops the technical skills of the employees, who have limited technical knowledge for fulfilling the specific technical needs of the organization (Sheehan 2014). On the other hand, the prime skill needed for the employees of Coles Supermarket is client interaction skills. It needs the development of interpersonal skills among the employees of the organization. Hence, this organization provides interpersonal training to the employees for enhancing the client interaction skills towards meeting the organizational objectives (Fulmer and Ployhart 2014). The nature of human resource management can also be varied control of leaders. According Vaiman and Collings (2013) the organizations, which are only productivity oriented, are more inclined to practice hard human resource practice in their leadership. The leaders of these organizations use to force the employees towards more and more productivity with no or little welling programs for the employees. Moreover, the leaders in these organizations are mostly autocratic in nature having huge control over the employees. For instance, the leaders of Wesfarmers are highly productivity oriented. Hence, the leaders of this organization use to follow hard human resource strategy for managing their employees and keeping them highly productive (Edwards et al. 2013). On the other hand, Marler and Fisher (2013) opined that the organizations, which are more quality oriented, are more inclined to practice soft human resource management. The leaders of these organizations always give priority to the needs and wellbeing of the employees. Moreover, they practice democratic leadership in their human resource management. Hence, employees are highly encouraged to put their efficiency in their jobs towards achieving organizational efficiency. For instance, the leaders of Cotton On use to practice soft HRM practice for having quality design in their cloths from the efforts of the employees (Paill et al. 2014). Moreover, the leadership styles cannot be same for all types of organizations and it varies from one organization to other depending on their needs. While considering the employee health security of different organizations, the strategies of employee health and safety should also be customized as per the business process of the organizations. Depending on the nature of the business process, there are different types of health and safety issues for the employees in different sector. In case of retail sectors, there are limited possibilities of employee health hazards, which can damage the health of the employees. On the other hand, in case of mining and chemical sectors, there are high chances of health hazards for the employees working in the workplace. However, health hazard like fire, infections are violence are very common in all kind of organizations. The security measures commonly adopted for retail employees are in terms of prevention for slips and trips, reducing manual handling of products and prevention measures for possible violence (Ma and Ye 2015). However, the employees in mining and chemical sector are most likely to face workplace hazards in terms of flammable atmosphere, ignition sources, contaminated chemicals and lots more. Hence, the HR manager of these sectors should be more concentrated on the health security strategy of the employees than the retail sector. There should be explosion venting, explosion suppression and avoidance of ignition sources (Chang et al. 2014). It again proves the same statement that there is no such best practice in human resource management. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that there is there is no such thing as 'best practice' in HRM.One-size-fit approach is quite traditional in human resource management and it can be fit in todays business environment. Todays business organizations are more focused on providing customized products and service for beating the market competition. In such situation, the strategies for human resource management should also be customized for extracting the innovating ideas from them and meeting the dynamic needs of the customers. In case of skills development programs, the HR managers should specifically focus on the core organizational needs and then design the programs. In such extent, with different organizational needs in different sector, the training and development needs are also need to be different. Apart from that, the motivational factor for employees also varies from one employee to other depending on their needs. Hence, the motivational strategies of the organization s can also be different based on either reward strategy or recognition strategy. Apart from that, depending on the business needs, some organizations are highly productivity oriented and some others are highly employee oriented. In this way, the human resource practice is also different as per those business needs. References Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. 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